超(chao)(chao)(chao)聲波(bo)換(huan)能(neng)(neng)器(qi)是(shi)一(yi)種能(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)器(qi)件(jian)，超(chao)(chao)(chao)聲波(bo)換(huan)能(neng)(neng)器(qi)的(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)是(shi)將輸入的(de)(de)電功率(lv)轉換(huan)成機械功率(lv)（即超(chao)(chao)(chao)聲波(bo)）再傳遞(di)出去，而自身消耗很少的(de)(de)一(yi)部分(fen)功率(lv)。超(chao)聲波換能器，要(yao)解決的(de)技術問(wen)題是設計一種作用距離(li)大、頻(pin)帶寬的(de)超聲(sheng)波換能(neng)器(qi)。換(huan)(huan)能器由外殼(ke)、匹(pi)配層、壓電陶瓷圓盤換(huan)(huan)能器、背襯(chen)、引出電纜和Cymbal陣列(lie)接收器組成。壓電陶瓷(ci)圓盤換能(neng)器采用厚度方向極(ji)化(hua)的PZT-5壓電材料制成(cheng)，Cymbal陣列接收器由8～16只Cymbal換能器、兩(liang)個金屬(shu)圓環和橡膠(jiao)墊圈(quan)組成(cheng)。本發明(ming)的(de)作用距(ju)(ju)離(li)大于35m，頻帶寬度達到(dao)10kHz，能檢測高速移動的(de)遠(yuan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)目標。
功(gong)能(neng)結構
超聲(sheng)波換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包(bao)括外殼(1)、匹配層即聲(sheng)窗(2)、壓(ya)電(dian)陶(tao)瓷圓(yuan)盤換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(3)、背襯(4)、引出電(dian)纜(5)，其特征(zheng)在于(yu)它還包(bao)括Cymbal陣(zhen)列接收(shou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，它由(you)引出電(dian)纜(6)、8～16只Cymbal換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(7)、金屬圓(yuan)環(8)、(9)和橡膠(jiao)墊(dian)圈(10) 組(zu)成(cheng)；Cymbal陣(zhen)列接收(shou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)位于(yu)圓(yuan)盤式(shi)壓(ya)電(dian)換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)3之上；壓(ya)電(dian)陶(tao)瓷圓(yuan)盤換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用作基本的超聲(sheng)波換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，由(you)它發(fa)射和接收(shou)超聲(sheng)波信(xin)號；Cymbal陣(zhen)列接收(shou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)位于(yu)圓(yuan)盤式(shi)壓(ya)電(dian)換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)之上，作為超聲(sheng)波接收(shou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，用于(yu)接收(shou)圓(yuan)盤換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)頻帶(dai)之外的多普勒回波信(xin)號。
主(zhu)要適用與(yu)超聲(sheng)波塑料(liao)焊接機(ji)、超聲(sheng)波金屬焊接機(ji)，超聲(sheng)波清洗(xi)機(ji)，氣相機(ji)，三(san)氯機(ji)等。
超聲波換能器的應用
超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)換能器的應(ying)用(yong)十分廣泛,它按(an)應(ying)用(yong)的行業(ye)分為(wei)工(gong)業(ye)、農業(ye)、交通(tong)運輸、生活、醫療及軍事等(deng)(deng)。按(an)實現的功(gong)能分為(wei)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)加工(gong)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)清(qing)洗(xi)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)探測(ce)(ce)、檢測(ce)(ce)、監測(ce)(ce)、遙(yao)測(ce)(ce)、遙(yao)控等(deng)(deng)；按(an)工(gong)作環境分為(wei)液體(ti)(ti)、氣體(ti)(ti)、生物體(ti)(ti)等(deng)(deng);按(an)性質分為(wei)功(gong)率超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)、檢測(ce)(ce)超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)成(cheng)像等(deng)(deng)。
1、壓電陶瓷變壓器
壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶瓷(ci)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)是利用(yong)極化(hua)后壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)來實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)輸出的(de)(de)(de)。其輸入(ru)部(bu)分用(yong)正弦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)信號驅(qu)動, 通過逆壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)使其產(chan)生振(zhen)動, 振(zhen)動波通過輸入(ru)和輸出部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)耦合到輸出部(bu)分, 輸出部(bu)分再通過正壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he),實(shi)現壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能-機械(xie)能-電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)兩次變(bian)(bian)換,在壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)諧振(zhen)頻率(lv)下獲得最高(gao)(gao)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)相比, 這具有體積小, 質量輕(qing),功率(lv)密度高(gao)(gao), 效率(lv)高(gao)(gao), 耐(nai)擊穿(chuan), 耐(nai)高(gao)(gao)溫, 不怕燃(ran)燒, 無電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)干(gan)擾和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)噪聲, 且(qie)結構簡單、便于(yu)制作、易(yi)批量生產(chan), 在某些領域成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)理想替代元件等(deng)優點。此類變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)用(yong)于(yu)開關(guan)轉(zhuan)換器(qi)、筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦(nao)、氖燈驅(qu)動器(qi)等(deng)。
2、超聲波馬達
超(chao)聲波(bo)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)是把(ba)定子(zi)作為換能器, 利用壓(ya)電(dian)晶體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)壓(ya)電(dian)效應讓馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)定子(zi)處于(yu)超(chao)聲波(bo)頻率的(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)動(dong), 然后靠定子(zi)和轉子(zi)間的(de)(de)(de)摩擦力(li)來傳遞能量, 帶動(dong)轉子(zi)轉動(dong)。超(chao)聲波(bo)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)體(ti)(ti)積小(xiao)(xiao), 力(li)矩大, 分辨率高, 結(jie)構簡單, 直接驅動(dong), 無(wu)制動(dong)機構, 無(wu)軸承機構, 這些(xie)優(you)點有(you)益(yi)于(yu)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)型化。超(chao)聲波(bo)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)廣(guang)泛(fan)應用于(yu)光(guang)學儀器、激(ji)光(guang)、半(ban)導體(ti)(ti)微電(dian)子(zi)工藝、精密機械與(yu)(yu)儀器、機器人、醫學與(yu)(yu)生物(wu)工程領域。
3、超聲波清洗
超(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)清(qing)洗(xi)的(de)(de)機理是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)超(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)在清(qing)洗(xi)液(ye)中(zhong)傳(chuan)播時的(de)(de)空化、輻射壓、聲(sheng)流等(deng)物(wu)理效應, 對(dui)清(qing)洗(xi)件(jian)上的(de)(de)污物(wu)產生的(de)(de)機械起剝(bo)落作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong), 同時能(neng)促進清(qing)洗(xi)液(ye)與污物(wu)發生化學反應, 達(da)到清(qing)洗(xi)物(wu)件(jian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。超(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)清(qing)洗(xi)機所用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)頻率根據清(qing)洗(xi)物(wu)的(de)(de)大(da)小和(he)目的(de)(de)可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)10～500 kHz, 一般多為20～50 kHz。隨著超(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)換(huan)能(neng)器頻率的(de)(de)增加,可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)郎之萬振(zhen)(zhen)子、縱向(xiang)振(zhen)(zhen)子、厚度(du)振(zhen)(zhen)子等(deng)。在小型化方(fang)面(mian), 也(ye)有采用(yong)(yong)(yong)圓片振(zhen)(zhen)子的(de)(de)徑向(xiang)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)和(he)彎曲(qu)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)的(de)(de)。超(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)清(qing)洗(xi)在各種工業(ye)、農(nong)業(ye)、家用(yong)(yong)(yong)設備、電子、汽車、橡膠、印刷、飛機、食品、醫院和(he)醫學研(yan)究等(deng)行(xing)業(ye)得(de)到了越來越廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
4、超聲波焊接
超(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)有超(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波金屬焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)和(he)超(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波塑料(liao)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)兩(liang)大(da)(da)類(lei)。其中(zhong)超(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波塑料(liao)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)技術已獲(huo)得較為普(pu)遍的應(ying)用(yong)。它是利用(yong)換能器(qi)產(chan)生的超(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)振動, 通過(guo)上焊(han)(han)(han)件把超(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)振動能量傳送到焊(han)(han)(han)區(qu)。由于焊(han)(han)(han)區(qu)即兩(liang)焊(han)(han)(han)件交界處聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)阻大(da)(da), 所以(yi)會產(chan)生局部高溫使塑料(liao)熔(rong)化(hua), 在接(jie)觸壓力的作用(yong)下(xia)完(wan)成焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)工作。超(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)塑料(liao)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)可方便(bian)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)其他(ta)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)法無法焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的部位。另(ling)外, 還節約了塑料(liao)制品昂貴的模具費, 縮短(duan)了加工時間, 提高了生產(chan)效率, 有經(jing)濟、快(kuai)速和(he)可靠等特點。
5、超聲波加工
把微細(xi)磨(mo)料(liao)隨(sui)超(chao)聲(sheng)波加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)一起以一定(ding)靜壓力(li)加(jia)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件上, 就(jiu)能(neng)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)出與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)形狀。加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時換能(neng)器(qi)需在 15～ 40 kHz的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)率下(xia), 產生 15～ 40 微米的(de)(de)(de)振幅。超(chao)聲(sheng)波工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)料(liao)以相(xiang)當大(da)的(de)(de)(de)沖擊力(li)連續沖擊, 破(po)壞(huai)超(chao)聲(sheng)輻射部位, 使材(cai)料(liao)破(po)碎而達到(dao)去除材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。超(chao)聲(sheng)波加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主要(yao)應用于寶石(shi)、玉(yu)器(qi)、大(da)理(li)石(shi)、瑪瑙(nao)、硬質合(he)金等脆硬材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以及(ji)異型(xing)孔(kong)和細(xi)深孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。此外(wai), 在普通切削工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)上加(jia)超(chao)聲(sheng)波換能(neng)器(qi)振動時, 也可起到(dao)提高精度和效率的(de)(de)(de)作用。
6、超聲波減肥
利(li)用(yong)超(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)波換能器的(de)(de)空化效應和微機械振動, 將人體(ti)表(biao)皮下(xia)多余的(de)(de)脂肪(fang)細胞(bao)破碎、乳化后排出(chu)體(ti)外(wai), 達到減肥、塑(su)形的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。這是國(guo)際上90 年(nian)代發(fa)展起(qi)來的(de)(de)一項新技術(shu)。意大利(li)的(de)(de)Zocch i首次將超(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)去(qu)脂用(yong)于床, 并獲得(de)成功, 為(wei)整形、美容開創了先河。超(chao)(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)去(qu)脂技術(shu)在國(guo)內外(wai)得(de)以(yi)迅速發(fa)展。
7、超聲波育種
對植物種(zhong)子進(jin)行(xing)適當頻(pin)率(lv)和(he)強度的(de)超聲波照(zhao)射(she), 可提(ti)高種(zhong)子的(de)發芽率(lv), 降低霉(mei)爛率(lv), 促進(jin)種(zhong)子的(de)生長, 提(ti)高植物生長速度。據資料介紹, 超聲波可使某些植物種(zhong)子生長速度提(ti)高2～3 倍(bei)。
8、電子血壓計
利用超聲波換能器(qi)接收(shou)血(xue)管(guan)(guan)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li), 當(dang)氣囊加壓(ya)(ya)緊壓(ya)(ya)血(xue)管(guan)(guan)時(shi)(shi), 因外加壓(ya)(ya)力(li)高(gao)于血(xue)管(guan)(guan)舒張壓(ya)(ya)力(li), 超聲波換能器(qi)感受不(bu)到血(xue)管(guan)(guan)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li); 而當(dang)氣囊逐漸(jian)泄氣, 超聲波換能器(qi)對血(xue)管(guan)(guan)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)隨之減(jian)小到某(mou)一數(shu)值時(shi)(shi), 二者的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)達到平衡, 此(ci)時(shi)(shi)超聲波換能器(qi)就能感受到血(xue)管(guan)(guan)的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li), 該壓(ya)(ya)力(li)即為心臟的(de)收(shou)縮壓(ya)(ya), 通過(guo)放大器(qi)發出(chu)指示信(xin)號, 給出(chu)血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)值。電子血(xue)壓(ya)(ya)計由(you)于取消(xiao)了聽(ting)診器(qi), 可減(jian)輕醫務(wu)人員的(de)勞動強度(du)。/9
9、遙測遙控
在(zai)有毒、放射性等惡劣環境(jing)中(zhong), 人們不能接(jie)(jie)近工(gong)作, 需(xu)要遠地控(kong)(kong)制; 電(dian)(dian)視機, 電(dian)(dian)風扇以及電(dian)(dian)燈等電(dian)(dian)器(qi)開(kai)關需(xu)要遙控(kong)(kong), 都可裝上超聲(sheng)波(bo)換(huan)能器(qi), 通過(guo)遠地發射超聲(sheng)波(bo)由裝在(zai)需(xu)要控(kong)(kong)制系統上的(de)接(jie)(jie)收換(huan)能器(qi)所接(jie)(jie)收,把聲(sheng)信(xin)號轉(zhuan)變成電(dian)(dian)信(xin)號使開(kai)關動作。
10、交通監測
現代交(jiao)通(tong), 自動監(jian)(jian)測(ce)車(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)行(xing)和(he)計數以(yi)便掌握車(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)情(qing)況是(shi)非(fei)常必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)交(jiao)通(tong)監(jian)(jian)理站(zhan)安(an)裝(zhuang)一(yi)個收發兼用的(de)(de)(de)超聲(sheng)(sheng)波換能(neng)器及(ji)其附屬(shu)設備(bei), 當車(che)輛通(tong)過(guo)時就有一(yi)個聲(sheng)(sheng)脈沖返回, 通(tong)過(guo)計數累計可(ke)得(de)到(dao)日行(xing)車(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)。給(gei)汽車(che)尾部裝(zhuang)一(yi)個收發兩用的(de)(de)(de)換能(neng)器, 可(ke)防止倒車(che)相撞(zhuang)事(shi)故發生。在公路上安(an)裝(zhuang)接(jie)收型壓電超聲(sheng)(sheng)波換能(neng)器還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)指數。
11、測距
超(chao)聲波測距裝置又叫聲尺(chi)。它是通(tong)過收(shou)發兩用的換(huan)能器, 測量(liang)脈(mo)沖時間間隔。聲尺(chi)可(ke)測10m 以內的距離, 精度可(ke)達千分之幾。
12、檢漏及氣體檢測
對于(yu)(yu)壓力系(xi)統(tong), 在(zai)泄漏(lou)處(chu), 由于(yu)(yu)壓力容器的內外壓差造(zao)成(cheng)射(she)流(liu)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)。這種噪聲(sheng)(sheng)頻譜極(ji)寬。對于(yu)(yu)非壓力系(xi)統(tong), 可在(zai)密閉(bi)系(xi)統(tong)內安放(fang)一(yi)個超聲(sheng)(sheng)波源, 然(ran)后從密閉(bi)系(xi)統(tong)外部接收。一(yi)般(ban)未泄漏(lou)時測(ce)(ce)到的信(xin)號幅度極(ji)小或沒有(you)(you), 在(zai)泄漏(lou)處(chu)信(xin)號幅度有(you)(you)突然(ran)增大的趨勢。氣體流(liu)量(liang)檢測(ce)(ce)也是化工中的重(zhong)要手段之一(yi)。流(liu)量(liang)檢測(ce)(ce)目前有(you)(you)多種放(fang)大，如浮(fu)子流(liu)量(liang)計等。但利用超聲(sheng)(sheng)波換(huan)能器主要優點是不妨礙流(liu)體的流(liu)動。
13、信息采集
智能(neng)(neng)(neng)機器(qi)人(ren)要(yao)實現在空(kong)間自(zi)由行走、辨(bian)認物體等(deng)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng), 不僅要(yao)用超聲波換能(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)測距導(dao)盲, 而(er)且要(yao)成像辨(bian)識。所以, 需(xu)要(yao)小型的超聲波換能(neng)(neng)(neng)器(qi)陣(zhen), 以實現多種功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng), 這方面(mian)將成為一項重要(yao)的研究課(ke)題, 吸引著眾多的科學家(jia)為之奮斗(dou)。
